Tuning mechanism for radio apparatus



April 1938. v. c. MACNABB 2,114,540

TUNING MECHANISM FOR RADIO APPARATUS Filed March 8, 1937 v 3Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR. 3* VEANd/V CI MiG/V1458 GZML 4. A

A TTORNE Y.

April 19, 1938.

v. c. MACNABB 2,114,540

TUNING MECHANISM FOR RADIO APPARATUS Filed March 8, 1957 5 Sheets-Sheet2 INVENTOR- VERNON 6! Mac/V1455 GEM/.45

A TTORNE Y.

April 19, 1938. MACNABB 2,114,540

TUNING MECHANISM FOR RADIO APPARATUS Filed March 8, 1957 3 Sheets-Sheet3 INVENTOR. VERA/01v CT Mac/v0.95

BYQMKQAQV ATTORNEY. I

Patented Apr. 19, 1938 PATENT OFFIQE TUNING MECHANISM FOR RAD-IOAPPARATUS Vernon C. Macnabb, Indianapolis, Ind., assignor to Fairbanks,Morse poration of Illinois Application March 8,

12 Claims.

This invention relates to tuning mechanism for radio apparatus, and moreparticularly to an improved tuning dial organization for radios ofmultiple wave-band type.

It has been the general practice heretofore, to provide in connectionwith multiple wave-band radio apparatus, a single tuning dial havingthereon tuning indicia for the several bands. One of the disadvantagesof such a dial arrangement is that all of the tuning indicia aresimultaneously visible, resulting in many instances, in a confusion ofwave band indication during tuning. Moreover, where all the indicia foraplurality of wave bands are simultaneously visible, the array ofindicia offers of itself a degree of confusion to the operator.Accordingly, it is an. object of the present invention to provide aradio tuning indicator characterized by the selective display of thetuning indicia for but one wave band at a time.

Among other objects of the invention are the provision of a tuningindicator for a multiwave band radio having visible only the bandindicia of the particular wave band desired; the provision of a tuningindicator having a separate dial member for each wave band, with thedial members relatively displaceable so that only one thereof will bevisible at any one time, and the provision of regulating means for theindicator, adapted to operate the several dial members in sequence toobtain the visibility of but one dial member at a time, the regulatingmeansbeing operated preferably by the control element provided forchanging the circuit arrangement of the radio from one wave-band toanother.

Further objects and advantages will appear from the description andaccompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a front elevation of a partly assembled radio chassis,illustrating the improved waveband indicator of this invention; Fig. 2is a fragmentary plan view of the radio chassis of Fig. 1, showing thefront panel of the radio in section, and the disposition of theindicator mechanism relative thereto; Fig. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentarysectional elevation of the radio chassis and front panel, illustratingcertain details of the improved indicator, the view being taken fromline 3-3 in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is an enlarged side elevation of a part ofthe indicator, with portions thereof shown in section, as taken alongline 4-4 in Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a front elevation of the device shown byFig. 5, as viewed from line 5-5 thereon, the View, however, showingcertain of the elements in an altered position from that indicated &00., Chicago, 111., a cor- 1937, Serial No. 129,639

for these parts in Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a view in detail, of a portion ofthe mechanism shown by Fig. 4; Fig. '7 is a sectional view of a part ofthe mechanism, as taken along line 'L-l in Fig. 4,

' and Fig. 8 is an elevation shown partly in section, of the mechanismof Fig. 4, as viewed from line 8-8 thereon.

Referring now to the drawings by suitable numerals of reference, theimproved indicator is operatively associated with the tuning mechanismof a multi-wave band radio, as will now appear. As shown in Figs. 1, 2,and 3, the radio chassis is indicated generally at if], the chassissupporting the radio instruments and apparatus, as for example, amultiple capacity unit of variable type indicated at H, and a multiplecircuit switching device l2 provided for adjusting the apparatus toreceive signals in any one of a number of different wave bands. Theswitching device I2 is operated by a shaft 13 extending to the front ofthe radio panel [4, the shaftbeing provided with a control handle orknob 15 for manual manipulation thereof. For convenience and simplicityof control, the shaft l3 controlling the shifting of the circuitconnections to accommodate the different wave bands, is utilized toregulate the wave band indicator mechanism now to be described.

The panel 14 is provided with an opening 16 of square, circular or otherdesired configuration,

the opening being closed preferably on the back or inner face of thepanel, by a transparent member I! such as a glass plate. By preference,the glass H is carried by a substantially rigid opaque member or mask 18formed of either metallic or non-metallic sheet material, the mask itbeing supported by the chassis H] in any suitable'manner, as by thebolts l9 and spacer sleeves 20 extending between the member and abracket 28 secured to a side wall 22 of the chassis. Mounting of theglass H on the mask it may be effected in any desired manner, as by theclips 2E3 shown in Fig. 1, As appears in Figs. 2 and 3, the sleeves 20serve to space the member 18 and glass ll outwardly of the chassis wall22 so that in the assembly relation of the chassis I0 and panel Hi, theglass will seat against the inner side of the panel in a position toclose the panel opening l6.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 3, the mask I8 is provided with a substantiallysemi-circular opening or window 24 to permit observation of tuningindicia disposed on relatively displaceable dial elements arrangedrearwardly of the member 18, as will later appear. In addition, a secondslot or Window 25 of smaller extent is formed in the member l8, abovethe slot 24 in the position shown in Fig. 1, this second slot beingprovided to permit observation of wave band indicia associated with thetuning indicia, as will be presently described. Arranged rearwardly ofand in relatively close adjacence to the member l8, are a plurality ofsubstantially semi-circular dial elements, four being shown in thepresent example, and numbered 26, 2'1, 28, and 29, the element 26 beingthat closest to the member l8. ments are formed of relatively thin,sheet material, such as steel, aluminum or bakelite, and

each is provided with .a portion 39 extended upwardly from themid-section of the semi-circular portion of the element, for a purposepresently to appear. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the elements arearranged in horizontally spaced relation, one in back of another, sothat in the position shown, only the element 26 will have surfaceportions thereof in register with and exposed through the slots 24 and25, respectively. Arranged along that surface of the dial element 26which is exposed through the slot 24, are tuning 'graduations 3| andwave length indicia 32. The surface of the extension 39 on element 26which is exposed through the slot 25, is provided with a suitableindicator of the wave band corresponding to the graduations 3| and wavelength indicia 32, this indicator in the present example, being the wordBroadcast. Each of the remaining elements 21, 28, and 29 is similarlyprovided with an indicator of a particular wave band and indicia of wavelength corresponding thereto, although such indicia and band indicatorsare not shown in the present disclosure. It is understood, of course,that the dial elements are associated with a variable tuning device ofthe radio to indicate the tuning condition thereof. In the presentexample, the tuning device is the variable capacity device or condenserThe rotary elements of the condenser are operated through the condensershaft 34, and in the present example the shaft extends toward the radiopanel I4, and has a dial hand or pointer 36 mounted thereon which playsover the dial face bearing the tuning indicia visible through window 24,as. the condenser is operated.

As before noted, with the elements 26 through 29 in the positions shownin Figs. 2 and 3, only the tuning indicia and wave band indicator onelement 26 .are visible through the slots 24 and 25. To expose theindicia and wave band indicator on element 21, the element 26 is adaptedin a manner later appearing, tobe displaced sufficiently to permitvisibility of the tuning indicator element 27 through the slots 24 and25. Likewise, the element 2'! is displac eable so as to expose thetuning indicia and band indicator on element 28, and similarly theelement 28 is displaceable to expose the indicia on element 29. Since inthe present example, the element 29 is the last of the roup, it may beretained in its original position and thus will be exposed only when allthe other elements have been displaced. Hence, it will be readilyobserved from the fore going, that at any given time, only one of theelements 28 through 29 will be in. position for exposure of its bandindicator and tuningiindicia through the windows 24 and 25. V

The dial elements 26, 21, and 28 are adapted for sequentialdisplacement, for the purpose above noted, through mechanism now tobe'described. Each of these elements is formed with a lateral extension31 terminating in a projection or tail piece 38. The elements arepivotally supported The eleupon a sleeve 39 mounted on a shaft orplunger 4|, the sleeve extending through the extensions 37, as shown inFig. 4. As a. means for preventing frictional or rubbing contact betweenadjacent dial elements, and also for providing greater rigidity of theelements at the zone of pivotal support, each of the elements is securedin any suitable manner, to a spacer member 42. The dial extensions andspacers are confined longitudinally of the sleeve, between a shoulder 44formed on one end of the sleeve and a removable end plate 45 at theopposite end of the sleeve, the plate 45 being retained in assembly by ascrew 46 threadedly engaging the shaft 4|. To prevent longitudinaldisplacement of the sleeve 39 on shaft 4|, the shaft end is formed ofreduced diameter, to provide a shoulder 47 against which the shoulderedsleeve end 44 seats, in the assembly of the parts.

The shaft or plunger 4| is journalled for longitudinal sliding movement,in a bearing member 48 carried by and extending through a portion of thebracket 2| heretofore noted, said bearing member having an external,rounded shoulder 50 for a purpose later to appear. The shoulderedportion of the bearing member is disposed outwardly of one side of thebracket 2| and adjacent the shouldered end of the dial supporting sleeve39, as shown in Fig. 4. Formed by preference, as an integral part of thebearing 48 and extending through bracket 2|, is a tubular member orcylinder 5|. The shaft 4| extends into the cylinder 5| and is providedwith a head element 54, the peripheral surface of which seats againstthe internal wall surface of the cylinder, after the manner of a piston.A compression spring 55 is sleeved about the shaft 4|, and confinedbetween the shaft head 54 and an internally shouldered part of thecylinder, thus serving to bias the sleeve 39 and dial elements thereonin a direction away from the panel i4.

Mechanism of a preferred type now to be described, is provided forcontrolling both longitudinal shifting of the shaft 4| and hence of thedial elements 26 through 29, and pivotal displace .ment of the dialelements for the purpose heretofore noted. The purpose for thelongitudinal shifting of the dial elements will appear as thedescription proceeds.

As shown in detail in Figs. 4 through 8, the dial shifting mechanismcomprises a substantially channel-shaped frame 51 provided with a slot58 in the bridge portion 59 thereof, the slot extending substantiallythe length, yet terminating short of the ends of said bridge portion.The sides 6| of the frame 57 are substantially triangular in sideelevation, as shown in Fig. 4, the edge 62 of each side corresponding tothe hypotenuse of the triangle, serving as a camming edge for a purposepresently to appear. In the assembly of the frame to the dial mechanism,the shaft 4| extends through the slot 58, while the solid portions ofthe bridge engage the shoulder 44 of the dial carrying sleeve 39. Theframe sides 6| straddle the shaft and the camming edges 62 engage therounded bearing shoulder 50, in the manner shown in Fig. 4. From theforegoing, it will be observed that the spring 55 acting on the shaft 4I, and hence on the sleeve 39 serves through these elements to urge thecamming edges 62 of the frame against the shoulder 50.

As a means for attaining stability of the frame 51 in assembly andduring its operation as will be later described, and also, for confiningthe frame to a linear movement of an extent determined by the length ofthe frame slot 58, there is provided a shaft or plunger 64 spaced fromthe shaft 4! and longitudinally slidably journalled in a bearing member65 secured to the bracket 2!, with the shaft extending through the frameslot 58. The shaft 64 is urged in one direction of its slidable movementby a spring 61 sleeved upon the shaft and bearing against the shaft head68. The spring, shaft, and shaft head are arranged within a cylinder 18which may be formed as an integral part of the bearing member 65.Threadedly engaging an internal bore in the outer end of shaft 64, is arod H provided for a purpose later to appear, the rod having a. flange12 seating against the end of shaft 54 and in engagement with the bridgeportion 59 of the sliding frame 51. The bearing member 65 extendsoutwardly from bracket 2| a greater distance than does the bearingmember 48 heretofore described in connection with shaft 41, and has itsexposed end 13 rounded as shown, to provide a bearing seat for thecamming edges 62 of frame 51. Thus the frame is confined between the end13 of bearing member 85 and the flange 12 on rod 1|, so that the spring6'! acting on the shaft 64 and hence on the flange 12, tends to urge thecamming edges 62 of the frame against the bearing seat 13.

It will be observed from the foregoing description and from aninspection of Fig. 4, that downward displacement of the frame 51 fromits upper extreme position shown in Fig. 4, will result in an outwardshifting of the plungers or shafts 4| and 64, against the pressure ofthe respective springs 55 and 6? acting thereon, this shifting of theshafts being efiected by reason of the wedging action of the frame 51 onthe said shafts. The provision for the shifting of the shafts,particularly shaft t i is made for the purpose of displacing theassembly of dial elements so that the particular element being disclosedwill be close to the window 24 in. panel M. By regulating the actuationof frame 51 to attain a step-by-step movement thereof, the shifting ofthe dial elements may be controlled so that say upon the displacement ofdial element 26, the dial element 21 will be shifted into substantiallythe spacial position formerly occupied by element 26. Further downwardmovement of the frame 57 during displacement of the element 21, willbring the element 28 into the space formerly occupied by element 21, andso for the last element 29. Thus successive movements of the frame insteps, will attain the desired shifting of the elements, and it is to benoted that the results above described will occur in reverse order uponsuccessive upward movements of the frame 51.

Actuation of the frame in a step-by-step manner, is attained through theoperation of the circuit changing switch l2 through the control shaftl3. For this purpose, the lower end of the frame 51 is provided with alaterally extending arm 14 having therein a slot 15, the longitudinalaxis of which is substantially at a right angle to that of the frameslot 58. Extending through the slot 15 is an element or rod 76 havingone end thereof secured in any suitable manner, to an actuating arm 19.The arm 19 is operatively secured to the switch control shaft I 3 by alock screw 82. Thus by rotating the shaft I3, through the handle l5, theframe El will be actuated through the arm i9 and rod 16 in the slot 15of the frame arm 14. As will be readily understood, the purpose for theslot 15 is to permit movement of the actuating rod 16 therealong duringrotation of the arm 19, since the frame 51 is confined to linearmovement only. In operating switch I 2 to change the radio circuitconnections, the switch shaft I3 is rotated in steps, the angular extentof rotation thereof in each step being determined by the spacing of theswitch contacts (not shown). Accordingly, the stepped movement of shaft[3 will effect a corresponding stepped movement of the frame 51, and theextent of linear movement of the frame in each step is correlated withthe extent of rotary movement of shaft IS in each step so as to attainthe desired degree of shifting movement of the dial elements. Suchcorrelation of movements is effected through proper design and relationof the elements above described, operatively connecting the shaft l3 andframe 51.

Turning now to the mechanism for effecting successive displacements ofthe several dial elements, this is effected simultaneously with theshifting of the dial elements by the frame 51, through a member 86secured to one arm of the frame, as by the screws 81. The member 86which may be a substantially rectangular plate formed of any suitablerigid material, extends outwardly and longitudinally of the frame, beingparallel to the arms of the frame, and is provided with a centralaperture or opening 88 of triangular aspect. The marginal portion of theplate aperture, defining a side corresponding to the hypotenuse of thetriangularly shaped opening 88, is stepped at 98, 5!, 92, and 93, asshown in Fig. 6, with the lower ends of the stepped portions providedwith an outturned lip or finger 94, 95, 96, and 91 respectively, asshown in Fig. 5. The lips or fingers on plate 85 are provided foreffecting a pivotal displacement of the dial elements, in a mannerpresently to be described.

Each of the dial elements is urged to its initial position behind themember i8 and in register with the windows 24 and 25 therein, by aspring 98 having one end secured to the dial extension 3'! and itsopposite end secured to the rod H on shaft 64. Four such springs areShown, one for each of the dial elements 28 through 29, although thespring for the last dial element 29 may be omitted, if desired, as thiselement is normally retained in its original position at all times. Theposition of the dial elements behind the member I8 so that the tuningindicia thereon will be in register with the windows 24 and 25, isdetermined by a suitable stop element 582 (Figs. 3 and 5) carried by thebracket 2 i. If desired, the stop may be provided by one of thesupporting elements for the mask l8, such element being comprised of abolt !9 and sleeve 28 as heretofore noted. The stop is provided with anabutment I83 sleeved thereon, the abutment being formed of any suitablematerial, such as aluminum or bakelite. Moreover, securing the springs98 to the rod H on shaft 64 serves to maintain the axis of each springin the plane of its dial element during shifting of the dial elements bythe frame 51, as shaft il supporting the dial elements, and shaft 64supporting rod H are moved an equal distance upon each actuation of theframe 51.

The arrangement of the plate 86 on frame 5'! is such that with the plateand frame in the uppermost position, as shown in Fig. 4, the dialelements will be disposed in their initial position (Figs. 2 and 4) withthe tail pieces 38 thereof extending through the lower end of theopening 83 in plate 86 (Figs. 4 and 6). In this position of the severaldial elements, the tail piece 38 of dial element 26 is disposed tounderlie the actuating finger 94. The tail pieces 38 of the other dialelements 21, 28 and 29 are in vertical register but out of engagementwith the fingers 95, 96, and SH, respectively. Thus upon downwardmovement of the frame 57 and plate 86, as effected by actuation of shaftl3, the finger 94 will act upon the tail piece 38 of dial element 26, topivot the dial element upwardly and outwardly from its initial positionbehind the windows 24 and 25, into the position indicated at I05 in Fig.5. In the displaced position I05 of the element 25, the edge N26 or itsextension 31 rests against the plate 85, and the element is retained insuch position against the bias of its spring 98, by the finger M andsurface portion of the plate 86. Simultaneously with the displacement ofdial element 25 and as a result of the downward movement of the frame Elas heretofore described, all the dial elements are shifted toward thepanel l4 so as to bring the next succeeding dial element 2'6 into thespace formerly occupied by dial 265, in register with the windows 24 and25. Successive downward movements of the frame 51 and plate 86 effect inturn, similar positioning of the other dial elements 21 and 28.Actuation of shaft It so as to move frame El and plate 86 upwardly,successively releases the dial elements, in the reverse order of theirdisplacement, permitting the springs 98 to return the elements to theiroriginal positions. At the same time, the dial elements are shiftedaxially of shaft :1! and in a direction away from the panel l4, underthe action of the camming frame 51' and springs 55 and 51 actingrespectively, on shafts 4i and E l, so as to return the dials to theiroriginal position rearwardly of the panel.

From the foregoing, it will be observed that the mechanism forpositioning the tuning dial elements is actuated and controlled by thecircult changing device for the radio, and the arrangement is such thatupon actuation of the circuit changing device to effect circuitconnections for reception on a particular wave band. the tuning dialelement corresponding to such wave band will be disposed in registerwith the windows 24 and 25 for visibility of the tuning indicia on suchdial. Thus, when the circuit changing device is in position to effectreception on the Broadcast band, this being one extreme position of thedevice, the dial 26 which is the Broadcast band dial, will be inposition for observance of its tuning indicia through window 24 and bandindicator Broadcast through window 25. When the switch i2 is actuated byshaft l3, through one step to the next succeeding position determining adifferent circuit connection for reception on another wave band, dial 2?corresponding to such wave band, will be in position for observance ofits tuning indicia through window 24 and its band indicator throughwindow 25, and similarly for the remaining dial elements.

Thus, the present invention provides a tuning indicator mechanism for amulti-wave-band radio, the indicator being characterized by theselective display of tuning indicia for but one wave band at a time.Moreover, the display of tuning indicia corresponding to a given. waveband is made coincidentally with the actuation of the circuit changingdevice of the radio, to effect the circuit connections for reception onthe given wave band.

It is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to theherein described embodiment thereof, but that alterations andmodifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit andfull scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

I claimi 1. A tuning dial mechanism of the character described,comprising a plurality of dial elements normally disposed in spacedrelation, a member pivotally supporting said dial elements, said memberbeing capable of axial movement to effect axial displacement of saidelements, and means operatively associated with said dial elements andwith the supporting member therefor, adapted for effecting concurrently,pivotal and axial displacement of said dial elements.

2. A tuning dial mechanism of the character described, comprising aplurality of dial plates normally disposed in spaced, parallel relation,a member pivotally supporting said plates, said member being capable ofaxial shifting movement to efiect axial displacement of said dialplates, means operable to axially shift said supporting member and dialelements, and means operated by said shifting means, adapted forpivotally displacing said dial plates.

3. A tuning dial mechanism of the character described, comprising dialelements normally disposed in spaced relation, means supporting saidelements for both pivotal and axial displacement, and means operativelyassociated with said dial elements, adapted for effecting pivotal andaxial displacement of each of said dial elements.

l. A tuning dial mechanism of the character described, comprising dialelements normally disposed in spaced, parallel relation, meanssupporting said elements for both pivotal and axial displacement, andmeans operatively associated with said dial elements and said supportingmeans, adapted for effecting, coincidentally, pivotal and axialdisplacement of each of said dial elements.

5. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device, apanel and an opening in said panel, a tuning dial mechanism comprisingdial plates arranged in spaced, parallel relation, means supporting saidplates for both pivotal and axial displacement, means biasing saidplates to a position in register with said panel opening, and meansoperatively associated with said dial plates, adapted for effecting acoincidental pivotal and axial displacement of each of said dial platesout of register with said panel opening.

6. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device, acircuit changing device, a panel and an opening in said panel, a tuningdial mechanism comprising dial elements arranged in spaced, parallelrelation, means supporting said elements for both pivotal and axialdisplacement, means biasing said elements to a position in register withsaid panel opening, and means operatively associated with said dialelements and actuated by said circuit changing device, for effectingsequential displacement of said dial elements out of register with saidpanel opening and coincidentally therewith, axial displacement of saidelements.

7. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device and acircuit control device, a tuning dial mechanism comprising dial platesarranged in spaced, parallel relation, means supporting said elementsfor both pivotal and axial displacement, a camming member operativelyassociated with said suppporting means, adapted for effecting axialdisplacement of said dial plates, actuating mechanism for said cammingmeans, operated from said circuit control device, and means on saidcamming member, adapted coincidentally with the actuation of saidcamming member, to effect pivotal displacement of said dial plates.

8. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device, acircuit control device, a panel and an opening in said panel, a tuningdial mechanism comprising dial elements arranged in spaced, parallelrelation, means supporting said elements for both pivotal and axialdisplacement, means for biasing said dial elements to a position inregister with said panel opening, a camming member opera'tivelyassociated with said supporting means, adapted for effecting axialdisplacement of said dial elements, actuating mechanism for said cammingmeans, operated from said circuit control device, and means on saidcamming member, adapted coincidentally with the actuation of saidcamming member, to effect pivotal displacement of said dial elements outof register with said panel opening.

9. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device, atuning dial mechanism therefor, comprising dial elements arranged inspaced relation, means supporting said elements for both pivotal andaxial displacement, a cam operatively associated with said dial elementsfor axial displacement thereof, and a member movable with said cam andprovided with spaced projections arranged for engagement with said dialelements as the cam is operated, to effect pivotal displacement of saiddial elements.

10. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device and acircuit control device, a tuning dial mechanism comprising dial elementsarranged in spaced relation, means supporting said elements for bothpivotal and axial displacement, a cam operatively associated with saiddial elements for axial displacement thereof, said cam being actuated bysaid circuit control device, and a member movable with said cam andprovided with spaced projections thereon arranged for engagement withsaid dial elements as the cam is operated, to effect pivotaldisplacement of said dial elements. 1

11. In combination with radio apparatus including a tuning device, atuning dial mechanism therefor, comprising dial elements arranged inspaced relation, a projection on each of said elements, means supportingsaid elements for both pivotal and axial displacement, a cam operativelyassociated with said dial elements for axial displacement thereof, and amember movable with said cam and provided with spaced projectionsarranged for successive engagement with the projections on said dialelements as the cam is operated, to effect a successive pivotaldisplacement of said dial elements.

12. In combination with radio apparatus including a switch for adjustingthe apparatus to receive signals in any of a plurality of wave bands, acontrol for said switch, a plurality of dial plates, each bearing tuningindicia for signals in one of said wave bands, a panel for concealingsaid plates, having an opening for revealing the tuning indicia of anyone thereof at a particular time, a shaft, means mounting said dialplates for independent pivotal movement and conjoint translatorymovement on said shaft, to- Ward and from said panel opening, means formoving the dial plates as aforesaid, means operatively interconnectingsaid switch control and said dial moving means, and a manipulatingelement for effecting joint actuation of said. switch control and dialmoving means.

VERNON C. MACNABB.

